Saturday, January 30, 2010

Worse Victim of UAPA

Swapan Dasgupta Fighting An Uneven Battle

Last 6 October 2009 Kolkata police arrested Swapan Dasgupta, editor of Bangla People's March, a registered magazine.  Cases were booked against him under Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA). He was under police custody for 28 days and became victim of physical and mental torture. He has been suffering from asthmac v  for several years. Although the administration and government were  fully aware of that, compelled him to sleep on cold floor in winter and worsen his condition. Doctor advised him to drink luke-warm water. Jail administration was unable to provide such facility. Human right organizations like APDR, Bandi-Mukti-Committee (Committee for Release of Political Prisoners) agreed to provide thermo-flask, but jail-authority did not permit. Lack of treatment in jail hospital worsened his condition and finally he was shifted to S.S.K.M. Hospital, Kolkata on 17 December. However, negligence from part of the administration and government continued. Police were posted at the side of his bade. Administration prevented his family members and friends to visit him.  The inhumanitarian incident was surfaced when 11 organization including APDR, Bandi-Mukti-Committee started agitation. APDR lodged a complaint with National Human Right Commission. 

However, negligence and lack of treatment meanwhile brought Swapan Dasgupta to the deathbed. He is now in ventilation.

Swapan Dasgupta is fighting an uneven battle.

Sunday, January 24, 2010

Human Right Activists Arrested On their Way to Lalgarh


Today police have arrested 68 human right activists at Kharagpur rail station on their way to Lalgarh. Lalgarh has been kept isolated from rest of the country by government and joint forces have been continuing their repression on common people in the name of anti-Maoist operation. 

Under the circumstances, the human right activists waned to see the condition of the people in Lalgarh. Obvious question is why government does not permit to visit common people and human right activists to Lalgarh? What do they want to hide?

Saturday, January 23, 2010

‘Arrested’ Naxal women released as ‘witnesses’

The police released Shefali Bera (13) and Kanika Adak (35) in West Midnapore on Friday after they were produced before the court as witnesses in the raids that were carried out by the joint forces in Lalgarh on January 20 when the police seized a laptop allegedly belonging to top Maoist leader Kishenji. The two women have given their statements under Section 164 of the IPC to a magistrate, said Manoj Verma, SP of West Midanpore, adding that the two women were not arrested.

Source: Indian Express, Jan 23, 2010 

http://www.indianexpress.com/news/arrested-naxal-women-released-as-witnesses/570807/

Definition of Poverty: Absence Of A Uniform Statistical Measure

By Ashwani Mahajan

THE government has frequently been providing differing figures about the extent of poverty in India. And this makes it difficult to gauge the extent or even the approximate figure. Periodic changes in the definition of the poverty line make the issue even more complicated. It is obvious that in the absence of a uniform statistical measure of poverty, alleviation programmes cannot be meaningful.
The government adopts various measures to reduce poverty. Kerosene, cheaper grain and other food items are made available through the Public Distribution System. The rural and urban employment programmes and free medical facilities are among the other programmes that have been taken up. The government’s proposed food security legislation is also on the same lines. People below the poverty line would have the right to draw food at subsidised prices.
Ironically enough, the government is yet to identify those living below the poverty line. The report of the Saxena Committee, constituted by the union ministry of rural development, is particularly shocking. In fact, 49.1 per cent of the population, according to this report, exists below the poverty line. An estimated 23 per cent of the poor do not have a ration card, let alone the BPL card. The report has revealed that 17.4 per cent of the cards are held by the rich. The committee has recommended that the government should undertake a national survey to identify the poor.
Poverty Line Baskets
Last December, Prof SD Tendulkar, the former chief economic adviser to the Prime Minister, submitted the report of the expert group to review the Methodology for Estimation of Poverty. The report noted that the existing all-India rural and urban official poverty lines were originally defined in terms of the per capita total consumer expenditure at 1973-74 market prices. It was adjusted over time in keeping with the price fluctuations. But the 1973-74 baseline continued to be the reference points for poverty line baskets (PLB) of goods and services. These all-India rural and urban PLBs were anchored in the per capita calorie norms of 2400 (rural) and 2100 (urban) per day. However, they covered the consumption of all goods and services incorporated in the rural and urban poverty line baskets.
According to Prof Tendulkar’s findings, in 2004-05, 37 per cent of the country’s population was living below the poverty line. This figure is significantly higher than the figure released by the Planning Commission, according to which 27.5 per cent are below the poverty line. Prof Tendulkar’s figure of headcount is higher because of the larger basket of consumption, which includes expenditure on education and health by the poor.
Earlier studies on redefining poverty have also taken note of these variables and have suggested suitable modifications in the definition of the poverty line. Prof Tendulkar’s report is significant as it gives official sanction to the same. He has recommended that the Planning Commission and the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) make suitable changes in their approach in defining the poverty line.
The NSSO, which conducts a sample survey of consumer spending, estimated that the people living the below poverty line constituted only 28.3 per cent of the population in 2004-05. In contrast to this figure, the Arjun Sen Gupta Committee, formed by the government for the unorganised sector, stated that more than 77 per cent of the people are forced to live on Rs 20 or less per day. This is insufficient even for the minimum requirement of a person’s food, health, shelter and clothing. Clearly, more than 77 per cent of the people cannot meet their basic needs. But the government always tries to underestimate the BPL figure. This is only to convey the impression that the number of the poor is constantly declining.
According to official statistics in 1973-74, 320 million or 55 per cent of the population was living below the poverty line. Going by the 2004 projection, it declined to 28 per cent. The task of defining poverty and the poverty line rests with the government economists. Logically, such a definition must identify the rural poor. And the official definition has been widely criticised in the past.
The problem arose in 1993-94 and 1990-2000. The consumer expenditure data, used by the government to estimate poverty, indicated a fewer number of people below the poverty line. And without any significant improvement in the condition of the poor. Critics say that the figures used by the government showed that poverty declined overnight. If the calorie-based definition is truly implemented, then 80 per cent of the rural and 50 per cent of the urban population would be found consuming less than 2400 and 2100 calories respectively. This implies that the government always tries to underestimate the number of the country’s poor. And this is done by juggling the data.
Pangs of hunger
According to the UN, 220 million people in India suffer the pangs of hunger. The problem is prevalent in all age groups... from infants to the old. Food production has been declining, food imports are rising and food insecurity deepening. Whereas the per capita availability of foodgrain was 190 kg per person per annum in 1979-80, it declined to only 186 kg in 2004-05. Since 2004-05, the rising prices of food have made matters worse.
According to the Food and Agriculture Organisation, about 100 million people have already moved to the category of “hungry” all over the world from 2004-05 to 2007-08. Prof Tendulkar’s expert group has rightly recommended that definition of the poverty line be changed and a new methodology be adopted incorporating changes in the price index. The consumption base also needs to be expanded by including the expenditure on health and education.
The definition of poverty will then not be perfect, but it would be a forward progression from a mere starvation line to a better defined poverty line. Thus far, the government’s policies have been based on ill-defined parameters. Second, it will be forced to spend more money on welfare. In the long run, Prof Tendulkar’s report will set a benchmark in determining the methodology for the assessment of poverty.

The writer is Associate Professor, PGDAV College, New Delhi

Source: The Statesman, 22 January 2010
http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=317842&catid=38

Day on, hardened ‘Maoists’ turn out to be victim kin

The two women, including a 13-year-old girl, whom the police had claimed to arrest on Wednesday in Lalgarh for being armed Maoist cadres, have turned out to be the family members of two persons who were allegedly picked up by the police on December 6.

While 13-year-old Shefali is the daughter of Joydeb Bera, 35-year-old Kanika is wife of Raju Adak. Both Joydeb and Raju went missing in December and their families had lodged a case at the Jhargram court against the district administration as they alleged that the police had picked up the duo.

According to the People’s Committee Against Police Atrocities (PCAPA), the police were pressurising the family members of Raju and Joydeb to withdraw the case. “So when the two families refused, the women were arrested and branded as Maoists. The police will also slap false cases against the women. This is a part of the continuous torture that the joint forces are perpetrating in the Lalgarh area,” said Asit Mahato, spokesperson of PCAPA.

Source: Indian Express, Jan 22, 2010 
http://www.indianexpress.com/news/day-on-hardened-maoists-turn-out-to-be-victim-kin/570414/

House panel slams A-I, IA merger

[This news describes how government has intentionally  made Air India, a nationalized company sick.]

NEW DELHI, 21 JAN: While recommending that the government write off losses suffered by Air India, a Parliamentary committee has asked for an inquiry into “faulty decisions” taken by the national carrier’s management, which have resulted in tremendous losses to it.
Pointing to numerous "irrational and misplaced" policy decisions, including surrender of lucrative routes to favour private players, the chairman of the 31-member committee, Mr Sitaram Yechury, said those who took these faulty decisions should be made accountable.
The panel was of the firm view that NACIL’s turnaround was “not possible by shifting the burden of the crisis on to the shoulder of the employees and blaming them for the ills of the company”.
It, therefore, has recommended that as a first step the government should write off the entire loss suffered by NACIL as the loss was due to the policy directions of the civil aviation ministry.
The only way of overcoming the problem is to change the often irrational and misplaced policy decisions of the government, the committee declared, in its report on the merger of Indian Airlines and Air India (in March 2007).
It noted that Air India dry leased four Boeing 777s for five years in 2006 whereas it was to get the delivery of its own aircraft from July 2007 onwards. “As a result, five Boeing 777s and 737s (each) were kept idle on the ground at an estimated loss of Rs 840 crore between 2007 and 2009,” it said. It recommended review of all lease agreements.
The panel found that services were being withdrawn from lucrative sectors by Air India’s holding company, National Aviation Company of India Ltd (NACIL), paving the way for introduction of services by private operators in the same sector. Expressing apprehension about a “possible nexus” operating to favour the private players, the committee has recommended a probe to analyse the withdrawal of lucrative routes both domestic and international to favour private players. It also recommended the creation of “an independent regulatory authority” to regulate the allotment of routes, bilaterals, social commitment of private players and operations on non-viable routes.
The committee said the merger between the two national carriers was taken in haste, without required homework and consultations due to which the entire process has been unduly delayed.
“In the process, it has given rise to so many problems concerning financial, administrative and operational, which could not be foreseen by the people who took this decision,” the committee said.
It also recommended that NACIL, which now runs the merged entity, should be converted into a holding company with NACIL-A and NACIL-I as “separate functional units”. ;SNS

Source: The Statesman 2 January 2010
http://www.thestatesman.net/index.php?id=317917&option=com_content&catid=35

Sunday, January 17, 2010

‘No green study conducted before clearing Haripur nuclear plant project’

Express News Service
Kolkata: 

The National Fishworkers’ Forum (NFF) on Thursday alleged that the Union Environment Ministry has given clearance for the proposed nuclear power project at Haripur in East Midnapore without conducting any Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) study. The EIA study is mandatory before giving green signal to any project. The NFF has been carrying out campaigns in the area since December to mobilise local people against the proposed nuclear plant.


General Secretary of NFF Rambhau Patil said Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had signed the power project in December 2008 against the will of the people of the proposed area. The land for the project has been given by the Left Front government in the state.

Saturday, January 9, 2010

Meeting Protests Murder of Com. Sunil Pal

 

A meeting held at Student's Hall, Kolkata yesterday condemned the killing of Com. Sunil Pal, the revolutionary workers' leader and organizer of I.F.T.U. and C.P.I.(ML)(Red Flag). Srijan, a unit of Revolutionary Writers, Artists Intellectuals Association sang a song in tribute to the martyrs. Com. Amitabha Bhattacharyya (Mazdoor Kranti Parisad), Com Kanai Karnwas (I.F.T.U.), Sujato Bhadra (Anti-UAPA Forum),  Com. Sasibala Sarma (Nari Adhikar Raksha Samiti), Com. Sadhan Roy (Joint Forum of Workers and Staffs), Bhanu Sarkar (Committee for Release of Prisoners), Com. Apu Samaddar (Gana Pratirodh mancha-unit of RDF), Com. Sibabrata Sana (Struggling Workers' Organization), Com. Srijan Sen and others talked on Com Sunil Pal and condemned the brutal killing. Some speakers highlighted the importance of the work of Com. Pal in mobilizing the workers in peasants' struggle of Singur-Nandigram and Lalgarh. Renowned writer Jaya Mitra also spoke and condemned the killing. Com. Pradip Roy also sang a revolutionary mass-song. 

 

It was evident from the speeches that the murder was pre-planned and it was done with the full support of administration and police. People saw the murders walking towards C.P.M. party office committing the heinous crime. It is now clear to everybody that the nexus between CPM-coal mafia-police and administration actually killed the beloved leader Com. Sunil Pal.

 

Speakers iterated that killing of a leader of a movement nowhere had been found successful to make an end of the movement. Workers of Asansol and I.F.T.U. will fight for the unaccomplished dreams of their leader.

Relay hunger strike

Midnapore (WB): Around 138 prisoners including PCPA leader Chhatradhar Mahato on Friday launched a relay hunger strike in Midnapore Central jail demanding withdrawal of combined forces from the Junglemahal area (West Midnapore, Bankura and Purulia districts) of West Bengal.

Chattradhar and other suspected Maoists, who were arrested by police and lodged in the Midnapore Central Jail, began the fast demanding the withdrawal of the combined forces and release of all suspected Maoists arrested by police, jail sources said.

They are also demanding that the government withdraws all the cases lodged against the suspected Maoists, they said.

A large number of suspected Maoists arrested by police and the combined forces are lodged in the Midnapore Central Jail.

People's Committee Against Police Atrocities (PCAPA) Spokesman Ashit Mahato said the PCAPA would take out procession in the Junglemahal area tomorrow in memory of those killed in police firing. (PTI)


source: http://www.kolkatamirror.com/index.aspx?page=article&sectid=13&contentid=2010010920100109163919328390d4b50&sectxslt=

Monday, January 4, 2010

Com. Sunil Pal and Com. Khagen Das

Veteran communist revolutionary and leader of C.P.I.(ML)(Red Flag) Com. Sunil Pal was brutally murdered on 29 December 2009

Com. Paul was the one of the leading organizers of Indian Federation of Trade Unions (IFTU) and organized coal miners in Asansol, West Bengal for couple of decades. He was also associated with Lalgarh Mancha (Lalgarh Forum), Anti UAPA Forum etc. Revolutionary people of India have lost one of their bravest soldiers.

Red Baricade does believe that the comrades of Sunil Pal will carry forward his unaccomplished  dream. Death of Com Pal can not make an end of the revolutionary struggle in Asansol and C.P.I. (ML)(Red Flag).

A Protest meeting will be held at Students' Hall, Kolkata on 9 January 2010 at 3 pm.

Com. Khagen Das, veteran revolutionary intellectual passed away on 30 December 2009. In his long revolutionary life, he was associated with Revolutionary Writers, Artists, Intellectual Association (RWAIA-West Bengal), All India League for Revolutionary Culture (AILRC), All India People's Resistance Forum (AIPRF) and later Struggling Forum for People's Resistance (SFPR).

Red Barricade deeply condoles the death of Com.  Das.

Sunday, January 3, 2010

3 killed as cops open fire on PCPA rally at Lalgarh

Three People Committee Against Police Atrocities militia men were killed on Saturday at Joynagar near Lalgarh in West Midnapore district of West Bengal after security forces opened fire on a PCPA rally. 

Bijoy Mahato (38), Bhola Mahato (43) and another PCPA leader died on the spot.


Source: Times of India 3 January 2010.

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/3-killed-as-cops-open-fire-on-PCPA-rally-at-Lalgarh/articleshow/5406124.cms

Saturday, January 2, 2010

The Katyn Massacre

by Ella Rule
July 2002

At the end of the First World War, the boundary between Russia and Poland was settled as being along a line which became known as the Curzon line - Lord Curzon being the British statesman who had proposed it.

This demarcation line was not to the liking of the Poles, who soon went to war against the Soviet Union in order to push their borders further eastward. The Soviet Union counter-attacked and were prepared not only to defend themselves but, against Stalin’s advice, to liberate the whole of Poland. Stalin considered such an aim to be doomed to failure because, he said, Polish nationalism had not yet run its course. The Poles were determined NOT to be liberated so there was no point in trying. Hence the Poles put up fierce resistance to Soviet advances. Ultimately the Soviet Union was forced to retreat and even cede territory to the east of the Curzon line to Poland. The areas in question were Western Byelorussia and the western Ukraine - areas populated overwhelmingly by Byelorussians and Ukrainians respectively rather than by Poles. The whole incident could not but exacerbate the mutual dislike of the Poles and the Russians.

On 1 September 1939, Nazi German invaded Poland. On 17 September, the Soviet Union moved to reoccupy those parts of Poland that lay east of the Curzon line. Having taken over those areas, the Soviet Union set about distributing land to the peasants and bringing about the kind of democratic reforms so popular with the people and so unpopular with the exploiters. During the battle to retake the areas east of the Curzon line, the Soviet Union captured some 10,000 Polish officers, who became prisoners of war. These prisoners were then held in camps in the disputed area and put to work road building, etc.

Two years later, on 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany attacked the Soviet Union by surprise. The Red Army was forced hurriedly to retreat and the Ukraine was taken over by the Germans. During this hurried retreat it was not possible to evacuate to the Soviet interior the Polish prisoners of war. The chief of camp no. 1, Major Vetoshnikov gave evidence that he had applied to the chief of traffic of the Smolensk section of the Western Railway to be provided with railway cars for the evacuation of the Polish prisoners but was told it was unlikely to be possible. Engineer Ivanov, who had been the Chief of Traffic in the region at the time, confirmed there had been no railway cars to spare. "Besides, " he said, "we could not send cars to the Gussino line, where the majority of the Polish prisoners were, since that line was already under fire". The result was that, following the Soviet retreat from the area, the Polish prisoners became prisoners of the Germans.

In April 1943, the Hitlerites announced that the Germans had found several mass graves in the Katyn Forest near Smolensk, containing the bodies of thousands of Polish officers allegedly murdered by the Russians.

This announcement was designed to further undermine the co-operation efforts of Poles and Soviets to defeat the Germans. The Russo-Polish alliance was always difficult because the Polish government in exile, based in London, was obviously a government of the exploiting classes. They had to oppose the Germans because of the latter's cynical takeover of their country for lebensraum. The Soviet Union's position was that so long as the Soviet Union could retain the land east of the Curzon line, they had no problem with the re-establishment of a bourgeois government in Poland. But the alliance was already in difficulties because the Polish government in exile, headed by General Sikorski, based in London, would not agree to the return of that land. This is in spite of the fact that in 1941 after Hitler invaded Poland, the Soviet Union and the Polish government in exile had not only established diplomatic relations but had also agreed that the Soviet Union would finance "under the orders of a chief appointed by the Polish government-in-exile but approved by the Soviet government " the formation of a Polish army - this chief being, in the event, the thoroughly anti-Soviet General Anders (a prisoner of the Soviets from 1939). By 25 October 1941 this Army had 41,000 men including 2,630 officers. General Anders, however, eventually refused to fight on the Soviet-German front because of the border dispute between the Soviet Union and Poland, and the Polish army had to be sent elsewhere to fight - i.e., Iran.

Nevertheless, despite the hostility of the Polish government in exile, there was a significant section of Poles resident in the Soviet Union who were not anti-Soviet and did accept the Soviet claim to the territories east of the Curzon line. Many of them were Jewish. These people formed the Union of Polish Patriots which put together the backbone of an alternative Polish government in exile.

The Nazi propaganda relating to the Katyn massacres was designed to make it impossible for the Soviets to have any dealings with the Poles at all. General Sikorski took up the Nazi propaganda with a vengeance, claiming to Churchill that he had a "wealth of evidence". How he had obtained this "evidence" simultaneously with the German announcement of this supposed Soviet atrocity is not clear, although it speaks loudly of secret collaboration between Sikorski and the Nazis. The Germans had made public their allegations on 13 April. On 16 April the Soviet government issued an official communiqué denying "the slanderous fabrications about the alleged mass shootings by Soviet organs in the Smolensk area in the spring of 1940". It added:

"The German statement leaves no doubt about the tragic fate of the former Polish prisoners of war who, in 1941, were engaged in building jobs in areas west of Smolensk and who, together with many Soviet people, fell into the hands of the German hangmen after the withdrawal of Soviet troops".

The Germans had in fabricating their story decided to embellish it with an anti-Semitic twist by claiming to be able to name Soviet officials in charge of the massacre, all of whom had Jewish names. On 19 April Pravda responded:

"Feeling the indignation of the whole of progressive humanity over their massacre of peaceful citizens and particularly of Jews, the Germans are now trying to arouse the anger of gullible people against the Jews. For this reason they have invented a whole collection of 'Jewish commissars' who, they say, took part in the murder of the 10,000 Polish officers. For such experienced fakers it was not difficult to invent a few names of people who never existed - Lev Rybak, Avraam Brodninsky, Chaim Fineberg. No such persons ever existed either in the 'Smolensk section of the OGPU' or in any other department of the NLVD…"

The insistence of Sikorski in endorsing the German propaganda led to the complete breakdown in relations between the London Polish government in exile and the Soviet government - as to which Goebbels commented in his diary:

"This break represents a one-hundred-per-cent victory for German propaganda and especially for me personally … we have been able to convert the Katyn incident into a highly political question. "

At the time the British press condemned Sikorski for his intransigence:

The Times of 28 April 1943 wrote: "Surprise as well as regret will be felt by those who have had so much cause to understand the perfidy and ingenuity of the Goebbels propaganda machine should themselves have fallen into the trap laid by it. Poles will hardly have forgotten a volume widely circulated in the first winter of the war which described with every detail of circumstantial evidence, including that of photography, alleged Polish atrocities against the peaceful German inhabitants of Poland. "

What lay at the basis of Sikorski's insistence that the massacre had been carried out by the Soviets rather than the Germans was the dispute over the territory east of the Curzon line. Sikorski was trying to use the German propaganda to mobilise western imperialism behind Poland's claim to that territory, to try to force them out of the position, as he saw it, of taking the Soviet Union's side on the issue of this border dispute.

If one reads bourgeois sources today, they all assert that the Soviet Union was responsible for the Katyn massacre, and they do so with such assurance and consistency that in trying to argue the contrary one feels like a Nazi revisionist trying to deny Hitler's slaughter of Jews. After the Soviet Union collapsed, Gorbachov was even enrolled on this disinformation campaign and produced material allegedly from the Soviet archives which 'proved' that the Soviets committed the atrocity and, of course, that they did so on Stalin's orders. Well, we know the interest that the Gorbachovs of this world have in demonising Stalin. Their target is not so much Stalin as socialism. Their purpose in denigrating socialism is to restore capitalism and bring lives of luxurious parasitism to themselves and their hangers-on at the cost of mass suffering among the Soviet peoples. Their cynicism matches that of the German Nazis and it is hardly surprising to find them singing from the same hymn sheet.

Bourgeois sources blithely claim that Soviet evidence in support of blaming the Germans for the atrocity was either totally absent or based purely on hearsay evidence of terrorised inhabitants of the region. They don't mention one piece of evidence which even Goebbels had to admit was a bit of a bummer from his point of view. He wrote in his diary on 8 May 1943, "Unfortunately, German ammunition has been found in the graves at Katyn … It is essential that this incident remains a top secret. If it were to come to the knowledge of the enemy the whole Katyn affair would have to be dropped. "

In 1971 there was correspondence in The Times suggesting the Katyn massacres could not have been done by the Germans since they went in for machine gunning and gas chambers rather than despatching prisoners in the way the Katyn victims had been killed, i.e., by a shot in the back of the head. A former German solider then living in Godalming, Surrey, intervened in this correspondence:

"As a German soldier, at that time convinced of the righteousness of our cause, I have taken part in many battles and actions during the Russian campaign. I have not been to Katyn nor to the forest nearby. But I well remember the hullabaloo when the news broke in 1943 about the discovery of the ghastly mass grave near Katyn, which area was then threatened by the Red Army.

"Josef Goebbels, as the historic records show, has fooled many people. After all, that was his job and few would dispute his almost complete mastery of it. What is surprising indeed, however, is that it still shows evidence in the pages of The Times thirty odd years later. Writing from experience I do not think that at that late time of the war Goebbels managed to fool many German soldiers in Russia on the Katyn issue … German soldiers knew about the shot in the back of the head all right … we German soldiers knew that the Polish officers were despatched by none other than our own. "

Moreover, very many witnesses came forward to attest to the presence of Polish prisoners in the region after the Germans had taken it over.

Maria Alexandrovna Sashneva, a local primary school teacher, gave evidence to a Special commission set up by the Soviet Union in September 1943, immediately after the area was liberated from the Germans, to the effect that in August 1941, two months after Soviet withdrawal, she had hidden a Polish war prisoner in her house. His name had been Juzeph Lock, and he had spoken to her of ill-treatment suffered by Polish prisoners under the Germans:

"When the Germans arrived they seized the Polish camp and instituted a strict regime in it. The Germans did not regard the Poles as human beings. They oppressed and outraged them in every way. On some occasions Poles were shot without any reason at all. He decided to escape…"

Several other witnesses gave evidence that they had seen the Poles during August and September 1941 working on the roads.

Moreover, witnesses also testified to round-ups by the Germans of escaped Polish prisoners in the autumn of 1941. Danilenko, a local peasant, was among several witnesses who testified to this.

"Special round ups were held in our place to catch Polish war prisoners who had escaped. Some searches took place in my house 2 or 3 times. After one such search I asked the headman .. whom they were looking for in our village. [He] said that an order had been received from the German Kommandatur according to which searches were to be made in all houses without exception, since Polish war prisoners who had escaped from the camp were hiding in our village. "

Obviously the Germans did not shoot the Poles in full sight of local witnesses, but there is nonetheless significant evidence from local people as to what was happening. One witness was Alexeyeva who had been detailed by the headman of her village to serve the German personnel at a country house in the section of the Katyn Forest known as Kozy Gory, which had been the rest home of the Smolensk administration of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs. This house was situated some 700 metres from where the mass graves were found. Alexeyeva said:

"At the close of August and during most of September 1941 several trucks used to come practically every day to the Kozy Gory country house. At first I paid no attention to that, but later I noticed that each time these trucks arrived at the grounds of the country house they stopped for half an hour, and sometimes for a whole hour, somewhere on the country road connecting the country house with the highway. I drew this conclusion because some time after these trucks reached the grounds of the country house the noise they made would cease.

"Simultaneously with the noise stopping single shots would be heard. The shots followed each other at short but approximately even intervals. Then the shooting would die down and the trucks would drive right up to the country house. German soldiers and NCOs came out of the trucks. Talking noisily they went to wash in the bathhouse, after which they engaged in drunken orgies.

"On days when the trucks arrived more soldiers from some German military units used to arrive at the country house. Special beds were put up for them… Shortly before the trucks reached the country house armed soldiers went to the forest evidently to the spot where the trucks stopped because in half an hour they returned in these trucks, together with the soldiers who lived permanently in the country house.

"…On several occasions I noticed stains of fresh blood on the clothes of two Lance Corporals. From all this I inferred that the Germans brought people in the truck to the country house and shot them."

Alexeyeva also discovered that the people being shot were Polish prisoners.

"Once I stayed at the country house somewhat later than usual… Before I finished the work which had kept me there, a soldier suddenly entered and told me I could go … He … accompanied me to the highway.

"Standing on the highway 150 or 200 metres from where the road branches off to the country house I saw a group of about 30 Polish war prisoners marching along the highway under heavy German escort… I halted near the roadside to see where they were being led, and I saw that they turned towards our country house at Kozy Gory.

"Since by that time I had begun to watch closely everything going on at the country house, I became interested. I went back some distance along the highway, hid in bushes near the roadside, and waited. In some 20 or 30 minutes I heard the familiar single shots. "

The other two requisitioned maids at the country house, Mikhailova and Konakhovskaya, gave supporting evidence. Other residents of the area gave similar evidence.

Basilevsky, director of the Smolensk observatory, was appointed deputy burgomeister to Menshagin, a Nazi collaborator. Basilevsky was trying to secure the release from German custody of a teacher, Zhiglinsky, and persuaded Menshagin to speak to the German commander of the region, Von Schwetz, about this matter. Menshagin did so but reported back it was impossible to secure this release because "instructions had been received from Berlin prescribing the strictest regime be maintained. "

Basilevsky then recounted his conversation with Menshagin:

"I involuntarily retorted 'Can anything else be stricter than the regime existing at the camp?' Menshagin looked at me in a strange way and bending to my ear, answered in a low voice: yes, there can be! The Russians can at least be left to die off, but as to the Polish war prisoners, the orders say they are to be simply exterminated. "

After liberation Menshagin's notebook was found written in his own handwriting, as confirmed by expert graphologists. Page 10, dated 15 August 1941, notes:

"All fugitive war prisoners are to be detained and delivered to the commandant's office. "

This in itself proves the Polish prisoners were still alive at that time. On page 15, which is undated, the entry appears: "Are there any rumours among the population concerning the shooting of Polish war prisoners in Kozy Gory (for Umnov) " (Umnov was the Chief of the Russian police).

A number of witnesses gave evidence that they had been pressured in 1942-43 by the Germans to give false testimony as to the shooting of the Poles by the Russians.

Parfem Gavrilovich Kisselev, a resident of the village closest to Kozy Gory, testified that he had been summonsed in autumn of 1942 to the Gestapo where he was interviewed by a German officer:

"The officer stated that, according to information at the disposal of the Gestapo, in 1940, in the area of Kozy Gory in the Katyn Forest, staff members of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs shot Polish officers, and he asked me what testimony I could give on this score. I answered that I had never heard of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs shooting people at Kozy Gory, and that anyhow it was impossible, I explained to the officer, since Kozy Gory is an absolutely open and much frequented place, and if shootings had gone on there the entire population of the neighbouring villages would have known …

"…The interpreter, however, would not listen to me, but took a handwritten document from the desk and read it to me. It said that I, Kisselev, resident of a hamlet in the Kozy Gory area, personally witnessed the shooting of Polish officers by staff members of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs in 1940.

"Having read the document, the interpreter told me to sign it. I refused to do so… Finally he shouted 'Either you sign it at once or we shall destroy you. Make your choice.'

"Frightened by these threats, I signed the document and thought that would be the end of the matter. "

But it wasn't the end of the matter, because the Germans expected Kisselev to give parol evidence of what he had 'witnessed' to groups of 'delegates' invited by the Germans to come to the area to witness the evidence of supposed Soviet atrocities.

Soon after the German authorities had announced the existence of the mass graves to the world in April 1943, "the Gestapo interpreter came to my house and took me to the forest in the Kozy Gory area.

"When we had left the house and were alone together, the interpreter warned me that I must tell the people present in the forest everything exactly as I had written it down in the document I had signed at the Gestapo.

"When I came to the forest I saw the open graves and a group of strangers. The interpreter told me that these were Polish delegates who had arrived to inspect the graves. When we approached the graves the delegates started asking me various questions in Russian in connection with the shooting of the Poles, but as more than a month had passed since I had been summoned to the Gestapo I forgot everything that was in the document I had signed, got mixed up, and finally said I didn't know anything about the shooting of Polish officers.

"The German officer got very angry. The interpreter roughly dragged me away from the 'delegation' and chased me off. Next morning a car with a Gestapo officer drove up to my house. He found me in the yard, told me that I was under arrest, put me into the car and took me to Smolensk Prison …

"After my arrest I was interrogated many times, but they beat me more than they questioned me. The first time they summoned me they beat me up heavily and abused me, complaining that I had let them down, and then sent me back to the cell. During the next summons they told me I must state publicly that I had witnessed the shooting of Polish officers by the Bolsheviks, and that until the Gestapo was satisfied I would do this in good faith, I would not be released from prison. I told the officer that I would rather sit in prison than tell people lies to their faces. After that I was badly beaten up.

"There were several such interrogations accompanied by beatings, and as a result I lost all my strength, my hearing became poor and I could not move my right arm. About one month after my arrest a German officer summoned me and said: 'You see the consequences of your obstinacy, Kisselev. We have decided to execute you. In the morning we shall take you to Katyn Forest and hang you.' I asked the officer not to do this, and started pleading with them that I was not fit for the part of 'eye-witness' of the shooting as I did not know how to tell lies and therefore I would mix everything up again.

"The officer continued to insist. Several minutes later soldiers came into the room and started beating me with rubber clubs. Being unable to stand the beatings and torture, I agreed to appear publicly with a fallacious tale about shooting of Poles by Bolsheviks. After that I was released from prison, on conditions that on the first demand of the Germans I would speak before 'delegations' in Katyn Forest…

"On every occasion, before leading me to the graves in the forest, the interpreter used to come to my house, call me out into the yard, take me aside to make sure that no one would hear, and for half an hour make me memorise by heart everything I would have to say about the alleged shooting of Polish officers by the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs in 1940.

"I recall that the interpreter told me something like this: 'I live in a cottage in 'Kozy Gory' area not far from the country house of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs. In spring 1940 I saw Poles taken on various nights to the forest and shot there'. And then it was imperative that I must state literally that 'this was the doing of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs.' After I had memorised what the interpreter told me he would take me to the open graves in the forest and compel me to repeat all this in the presence of 'delegations' which came there.

"My statements were strictly supervised and directed by the Gestapo interpreter. Once when I spoke before some 'delegation', I was asked the question: 'Did you see these Poles personally before they were shot by the Bolsheviks?' I was not prepared for such a question and answered the way it was in fact, i.e., that I saw Polish war prisoners before the war, as they walked on the roads. Then the interpreter roughly dragged me aside and drove me home.

"Please believe me when I say that all the time I felt pangs of conscience, as I knew that in reality the Polish officers had been shot by the Germans in 1941. I had no other choice, as I was constantly threatened with the repetition of my arrest and torture. "

Numerous people corroborated Kisselev's testimony, and a medical examination corroborated his story of having been tortured by the Germans.

Pressure was also brought on Ivanov, employed at the local railway station (Gnezdovo) to bear false witness:

"The officer inquired whether I knew that in spring 1940 large parties of captured Polish officers had arrived at Gnezdovo station in several trains. I said that I knew about this. The officer then asked me whether I knew that in the same spring 1940, soon after the arrival of the Polish officers, the Bolsheviks had shot them all in the Katyn Forest. I answered that I did not know anything about that, and that it could not be so, as in the course of 1940-41 up to the occupation of Smolensk by the Germans, I had met captured Polish officers who had arrived in spring 1940 at Gnezdovo station, and who were engaged in road construction work.

"The officer told me that if a German officer said the Poles had been shot by the Bolsheviks it meant that this was a fact. 'Therefore', the officer continued, 'you need not fear anything, and you can sign with a clear conscience a protocol saying that the captured Polish officers were shot by the Bolsheviks and that you witnessed it'.

"I replied that I was already an old man, that I was 61 years old, and did not want to commit a sin in my old age. I could only testify that the captured Poles really arrived at Gnezdovo station in spring 1940. The German officer began to persuade me to give the required testimony promising that if I agreed he would promote me from the position of watchman on a railway crossing to that of stationmaster of Gnezdovo station, which I had held under the Soviet Government, and also to provide for my material needs.

"The interpreter emphasised that my testimony as a former railway official at Gnezdovo station, the nearest station to Katyn Forest, was extremely important for the German Command, and that I would not regret it if I gave such testimony. I understood that I had landed in an extremely difficult situation, and that a sad fate awaited me. However, I again refused to give false testimony to the German officer. He started shouting at me, threatened me with a beating and shooting, and said I did not understand what was good for me. However, I stood my ground. The interpreter then drew up a short protocol in German on one page, and gave me a free translation of its contents. This protocol recorded, as the interpreter told me, only the fact of the arrival of the Polish war prisoners at Gnezdovo station. When I asked that my testimony be recorded not only in German but also in Russian, the officer finally went beside himself with fury, beat me up with a rubber club and drove me off the premises…".

Savvateyev was another person pressurised by the Germans to give false testimony. He told the Soviet Commission of Inquiry:

"In the Gestapo I testified that in spring 1940 Polish war prisoners arrived at the station of Gnezdovo in several trains and proceeded further in trucks, and I did not know where they went. I also added that I repeatedly met those Poles later on the Moscow-Minsk highway, where they were working on repairs in small groups. The officer told me I was mixing things up, that I could not have met the Poles on the highway, as they had been shot by the Bolsheviks, and demanded that I testify to this.

"I refused. After threatening and cajoling me for a long time, the officer consulted with the interpreter about something in German, and then the interpreter wrote a short protocol and gave it to me to sign. He explained that it was a record of my testimony. I asked the interpreter to let me read the protocol myself, but he interrupted me with abuse, ordering me to sign it immediately and get out. I hesitated a minute. The interpreter seized a rubber club hanging on the wall and made to strike me. After that I signed the protocol shoved at me. The interpreter told me to get out and go home, and not to talk to anyone or I would be shot…"

Others gave similar testimony.

Evidence was also given as to how the Germans 'doctored' the graves of the victims to try to eliminate evidence that the massacre took place not in the autumn of 1941 but in the spring of 1940 shortly after the Poles first arrived in the area. Alexandra Mikhailovna had worked during the German occupation in the kitchen of a German military unit. In March 1943 she found a Russian war prisoner hiding in her shed:

"From conversation with him I learned that his name was Nikolai Yegorov, a native of Leningrad. Since the end of 1941 he had been in the German camp No. 126 for war prisoners in the town of Smolensk. At the beginning of March 1943, he was sent with a column of several hundred war prisoners from the camp to Katyn Forest. There they, including Yegorov, were compelled to dig up graves containing bodies in the uniforms of Polish officers, drag these bodies out of the graves and take out of their pockets documents, letters, photographs and all other articles.

"The Germans gave the strictest orders that nothing be left in the pockets on the bodies. Two war prisoners were shot because after they had searched some of the bodies, a German officer discovered some papers on these bodies. Articles, documents and letters extracted from the clothing on the bodies were examined by the German officers, who then compelled the prisoners to put part of the papers back into the pockets on the bodies, while the rest was flung on a heap of articles and documents they had extracted, and later burned.

"Besides this, the Germans made the prisoners put in the pockets of the Polish officers some papers which they took from the cases or suitcases (I don't remember exactly) which they had brought along. All the war prisoners lived in Katyn Forest in dreadful conditions under the open sky, and were extremely strongly guarded… At the beginning of April 1943, all the work planned by the Germans was apparently completed, as for three days not one of the war prisoners had to do any work…

"Suddenly at night all of them without exception were awakened and led somewhere. The guard was strengthened. Yegorov sensed something was wrong and began to watch very closely everything that was happening. They marched for three or four hours in an unknown direction. They stopped in the forest at a pit in a clearing. He saw how a group of war prisoners were separated from the rest and driven towards the pit and then shot. The war prisoners grew agitated, restless and noisy. Not far from Yegorov several war prisoners attacked the guards. Other guards ran towards the place. Yegorov took advantage of the confusion and ran away into the dark forest, hearing shouts and firing.

"After hearing this terrible story, which is engraved on my memory for the rest of my life, I became very sorry for Yegorov, and told him to come to my room, get warm and hide at my place until he had regained his strength. But Yegorov refused… He said no matter what happened he was going away that very night, and intended to try to get through the front line to the Red Army. In the morning, when I went to make sure whether Yegorov had gone, he was still in the shed. It appeared that in the night he had attempted to set out, but had only taken about 50 steps when he felt so weak that he was forced to return. This exhaustion was caused by the long imprisonment at the camp and the starvation of the last days. We decided he should remain at my place several days longer to regain his strength. After feeding Yegorov I went to work. When I returned home in the evening my neighbours Branova, Mariya Ivanovna, Kabanovskaya, Yekaterina Viktorovna told me that in the afternoon, during a search by the German police, the Red Army war prisoner had been found, and taken away. "

Further corroboration was given by an engineer mechanic called Sukhachev who had worked under the Germans as a mechanic in the Smolensk city mill:

"I was working at the mill in the second half of March, 1943. There I spoke to a German chauffeur who spoke a little Russian, and since he was carrying flour to Savenki village for the troops, and was returning on the next day to Smolensk, I asked him to take me along so that I could buy some fats in the village. My idea was that making the trip in a German truck would get over the risk of being held up at the control stations. The German agreed to take me, at a price.

"On the same day at 10 p.m. we drove on to the Somolensk-Vitebsk highway, just myself and the German driver in the machine. The night was light, and only a low mist over the road reduced the visibility. Approximately 22 or 23 kilometres from Smolensk at a demolished bridge on the highway there is a rather deep descent at the by-pass. We began to go down from the highway, when suddenly a truck appeared out of the fog coming towards us. Either because our brakes were out of order, or because the driver was inexperienced, we were unable to bring our truck to a halt, and since the passage was quite narrow we collided with the truck coming towards us. The impact was not very violent, as the driver of the other truck swerved to the side, as a result of which the trucks bumped and slid alongside each other.

"The right wheel of the other truck, however, landed in the ditch, and the truck fell over on the slope. Our truck remained upright. The driver and I immediately jumped out of the cabin and ran up to the truck which had fallen down. We were met by a heavy stench of putrefying flesh coming evidently from the truck.

"On coming nearer, I saw that the truck was carrying a load covered with a tarpaulin and tied up with ropes. The ropes had snapped with the impact, and part of the load had fallen out on the slope. This was a horrible load - human bodies dressed in military uniforms. As far as I can remember there were some six or seven men near the truck: one German driver, two Germans armed with tommy-guns - the rest were Russian war prisoners, as they spoke Russian and were dressed accordingly.

"The Germans began to abuse my driver and then made some attempts to right the truck. In about two minutes time two more trucks drove up to the place of the accident and pulled up. A group of Germans and Russian war prisoners, about ten men in all, came up to us from these trucks. … By joint efforts we began to raise the truck. Taking advantage of an opportune moment I asked one of the Russian war prisoners in a low voice: 'What is it?' He answered very quietly: 'For many nights already we have been carrying bodies to Katyn Forest'.

"Before the overturned truck had been raised a German NCO came up to me and my driver and ordered us to proceed immediately. As no serious damage had been done to our truck the driver steered it a little to one side and got on to the highway, and we went on. When we were passing the two covered trucks which had come up later I again smelled the horrible stench of dead bodies".

Various other people also gave testimony of having seen the trucks loaded with dead bodies.

One Zhukhov, a pathologist who actually visited graves in April 1943 at the invitation of the Germans, also gave evidence:

"The clothing of the bodies, particularly the greatcoats, boots and belts, were in a good state of preservation. The metal parts of the clothing - belt buckles, button hooks and spikes on shoe soles, etc. - were not heavily rusted, and in some cases the metal still retained its polish. Sections of the skin of the bodies which could be seen - faces, necks, arms - were chiefly a dirty green colour, and in some cases dirty brown, but there was no complete disintegration of the tissues, no putrefaction. In some cases bared tendons of whitish colour and parts of muscles could be seen.

"While I was at the excavations people were at work sorting and extracting bodies at the bottom of a big pit. For this purpose they used spades and other tools, and also took hold of bodies with their hands and dragged them from place to place by the arms, the legs or the clothing. I did not see a single case of bodies falling apart or any member being torn off.

"Considering all the above, I arrived at the conclusion that the bodies had remained in the earth not three years, as the Germans affirmed, but much less. Knowing that in mass graves, and especially without coffins, putrefaction of bodies progresses more quickly than in single graves, I concluded that the mass shooting of the Poles had taken place about a year and a half ago, and could have occurred in autumn 1941 or in spring 1942. As a result of my visit to the excavation site I became firmly convinced that a monstrous crime had been committed by the Germans. "

Several other people who visited the graves at the time gave like testimony.

Moreover, pathologists who examined the bodies in 1943 concluded that they could not have been dead longer than two years. Furthermore, documents were found on some of the bodies which had obviously been missed by the Germans when they doctored the evidence. These included a letter dated September 1940, a postcard dated 12 November 1940, a pawn ticket receipted 14 March 1941 and another receipted 25 March 1941. Receipts dated 6 April 1941, 5 May 1941, 15 May 1941 and an unmailed postcard in Polish dated 20 June 1941. Although all these dates pre-date Soviet withdrawal, they all postdate the time of the alleged murder of the prisoners by the Soviet authorities in the spring of 1940, the time given as the date of the supposed massacre by all those whom the Germans were able to bully into giving false testimony. If, as is claimed by bourgeois propagandists, these documents are forgeries, it would have been the easiest thing to forge documents which postdated the Soviet departure, but his was not done - and it was not done because the documents found were undoubtedly genuine.

Source: The Stalin Society
http://www.stalinsociety.org.uk/katyn.html